Chapter 3 section 1

Physical properties-any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the material.

Physical change-the physical properties of a substance change, but the identity of the substance does not change.

Physical properties:

1. color-first thing you notice

2. shape-square, rectangular, free-form shape

    a. matter-anything that has mass and takes up space

3. length-use a meter stick, ruler, or tape measure

4. mass-describes the amount of material in an object

5. volume-measure the amount of space an object takes up

6. density-the amount of mass a material has for a given volume

    a. density=mass/volume, or D=m/V

    b. density stays the same as long as pressure and temperature stay the same

7. state of matter-determined by  how much energy the particles of matter have and also depends on air temperature and pressure

    a. solid-particles vibrate in a fixed position

    b. liquid-particles are moving much faster and have enough energy  to slide past one another

    c. gas-particles move so quickly that thy have enough energy to move freely away from other particles

    d. plasma-state occurs at a very high temperature and is found in  fluorescent lightbulbs, the atmosphere, and in lightning strikes.

8. melting point-the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

9. boiling point-temperature at which a substance in the liquid state becomes a gas.

    a. the boiling point and melting point can help to identify a

        substance.

Metallic Properties:

10. luster-shiny appearance

11. ability to attract a magnet-some metals respond to magnets

12. malleability-metals can be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets

13. ductility-metals that can be drawn into wires, ex. Copper, silver, and platinum

Chapter 3 Section 2

Chemical property- any characteristic that gives a substance the ability to undergo a change that results in a new substance.

Common chemical properties:

Flammability-ex. With a bonfire the oxygen in the air reacts with the wood to form a new substance, ash.

Reacts with oxygen-ex. An unpainted iron gate will rust in time. The rust is a result of the oxygen in the air reacting with the iron causing corrosion. A banana or apple left sitting out on a table turns brown, this is a chemical reaction that occurs between the fruit and oxygen in the air. Silver will tarnish when in contact with oxygen.  Copper sculptures develop a green patina which is a mixture of copper compounds.

Reacts with light-ex. Vitamins and medicines come in dark brown containers because they will change when they come in contact with light.

Reacts with heat-Some substances are sensitive to heat, limestone is generally thought of as unreactive, but if limestone is heated, it produces carbon dioxide and lime, which is a chemical used in many industrial processes. 

Ability to change with electrical contact-electricity can cause a change in some substances and decompose some compounds; water is one of those compounds that can be broken down with electricity.

Reacts with water-dropping alka seltzer into water changes the tablet to a new substance.

Reacts with vinegar or bleach

Chemical change-a change in the identity of a substance due to the chemical properties of that substance, a new substance is formed in this change.

Signs of change:

1. bubbles-ex. Baking a cake, mixing baking soda and vinegar

2. production of heat-ex. Fire wood burning

3. production of light-ex. Fireworks, lightsticks

4 production of smoke-ex. Firewood burning

5. change in color-ex. fireworks

6. change in sound-ex. Fire burning logs snap and crackle

conservation of mass-states that the mass of what you end with is always the same as the mass of what you start with.

Where does the mass go?

Ash, smoke, and gases are produced, and escape into the air.